docs: 重构 README 附录展示 & 新增多个附录交互组件

README 更新:
- 移除顶部 header.png 横幅图片
- 新增「附录知识库」板块,以 3×3 网格展示 9 大知识领域精选内容
- 附录链接指向部署版网站 (datawhalechina.github.io)
- 阶段表格新增「附录」行,突出 80+ 交互式专题
- 章节标题「新手入门 & PM」简化为「零基础入门」
- News 新增 2026-02-25 附录知识库更新条目

新增交互组件:
- 异步任务队列 (async-task-queues) 演示组件
- 文件存储 (file-storage) 演示组件
- 项目架构 (project-architecture) 演示组件
- 限流与背压 (rate-limiting) 演示组件
- 搜索引擎 (search-engines) 演示组件
- 计算机基础: AppLaunch/BiosUefi/OSBoot 等启动流程演示组件

新增附录文档:
- 前端项目架构 (frontend-project-architecture.md)
- 后端项目架构 (backend-project-architecture.md)

内容优化:
- 算法思维、数据结构、编程语言、调试艺术等多篇附录内容更新
- HTML/CSS 布局、请求旅程等前后端文档完善
- 附录索引页 (index.md) 同步更新
This commit is contained in:
sanbuphy
2026-02-25 12:22:49 +08:00
parent f44c842fe7
commit df51f84ab5
36 changed files with 8535 additions and 393 deletions
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<!--
BackpressureDemo.vue
背压控制演示展示生产者速度 > 消费者速度时的处理策略
-->
<template>
<div class="backpressure-demo">
<div class="header">
<div class="title">背压控制 (Backpressure)</div>
<div class="subtitle">当生产速度超过消费速度时会发生什么</div>
</div>
<div class="controls">
<div class="speed-control">
<span class="ctrl-label">生产速率</span>
<input type="range" min="1" max="10" v-model.number="produceRate" />
<span class="ctrl-value">{{ produceRate }}/s</span>
</div>
<div class="speed-control">
<span class="ctrl-label">消费速率</span>
<input type="range" min="1" max="10" v-model.number="consumeRate" />
<span class="ctrl-value">{{ consumeRate }}/s</span>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<button class="ctrl-btn primary" @click="start" :disabled="running">开始</button>
<button class="ctrl-btn" @click="stop">停止</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="buffer-visual">
<div class="producer-side">
<div class="side-label">生产者</div>
<div class="rate-indicator" :class="{ fast: produceRate > consumeRate }">
{{ produceRate }}/s
</div>
</div>
<div class="buffer-section">
<div class="buffer-label">缓冲区 ({{ bufferSize }}/{{ maxBuffer }})</div>
<div class="buffer-bar">
<div
class="buffer-fill"
:style="{ width: (bufferSize / maxBuffer * 100) + '%' }"
:class="bufferLevel"
></div>
</div>
<div class="buffer-status" :class="bufferLevel">{{ statusText }}</div>
</div>
<div class="consumer-side">
<div class="side-label">消费者</div>
<div class="rate-indicator">{{ consumeRate }}/s</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="strategies">
<div class="strat-title">背压处理策略</div>
<div class="strat-grid">
<div v-for="s in strategies" :key="s.name" class="strat-card">
<div class="strat-name">{{ s.name }}</div>
<div class="strat-desc">{{ s.desc }}</div>
<div class="strat-example">{{ s.example }}</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script setup>
import { ref, computed, onUnmounted } from 'vue'
const produceRate = ref(6)
const consumeRate = ref(3)
const bufferSize = ref(0)
const maxBuffer = 20
const running = ref(false)
let timer = null
const bufferLevel = computed(() => {
const ratio = bufferSize.value / maxBuffer
if (ratio >= 0.9) return 'critical'
if (ratio >= 0.6) return 'warning'
return 'normal'
})
const statusText = computed(() => {
const ratio = bufferSize.value / maxBuffer
if (ratio >= 1) return '缓冲区溢出!数据丢失'
if (ratio >= 0.8) return '即将溢出,需要背压控制'
if (ratio >= 0.5) return '缓冲区压力较大'
return '正常运行'
})
function start() {
running.value = true
timer = setInterval(() => {
const produced = produceRate.value
const consumed = consumeRate.value
bufferSize.value = Math.max(0, Math.min(maxBuffer, bufferSize.value + produced - consumed))
}, 1000)
}
function stop() {
running.value = false
if (timer) clearInterval(timer)
timer = null
bufferSize.value = 0
}
const strategies = [
{ name: '丢弃策略', desc: '缓冲区满时直接丢弃新数据', example: '如:日志采集、实时监控指标' },
{ name: '阻塞策略', desc: '缓冲区满时让生产者等待', example: '如:Go channel、Java BlockingQueue' },
{ name: '采样策略', desc: '只处理部分数据,跳过其余', example: '如:高频传感器数据降采样' },
{ name: '弹性扩容', desc: '动态增加消费者数量', example: '如:K8s HPA 自动扩缩容' }
]
onUnmounted(() => { if (timer) clearInterval(timer) })
</script>
<style scoped>
.backpressure-demo {
border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider); background: var(--vp-c-bg-soft);
border-radius: 12px; padding: 1.5rem; margin: 1.5rem 0;
}
.header { margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.title { font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.1rem; }
.subtitle { color: var(--vp-c-text-2); font-size: 0.9rem; }
.controls { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0.75rem; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
.speed-control { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; font-size: 0.85rem; }
.ctrl-label { font-weight: 600; min-width: 70px; }
.ctrl-value { font-family: var(--vp-font-family-mono); min-width: 30px; }
.btn-group { display: flex; gap: 0.5rem; }
.ctrl-btn {
padding: 0.4rem 0.8rem; border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider);
background: var(--vp-c-bg); cursor: pointer; font-size: 0.85rem;
}
.ctrl-btn.primary { background: var(--vp-c-brand); color: #fff; border-color: var(--vp-c-brand); }
.ctrl-btn:disabled { opacity: 0.5; }
.buffer-visual { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
.producer-side, .consumer-side { text-align: center; min-width: 80px; }
.side-label { font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.85rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
.rate-indicator {
padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.8rem;
background: var(--vp-c-bg); border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider);
font-family: var(--vp-font-family-mono);
}
.rate-indicator.fast { border-color: #ef4444; color: #ef4444; }
.buffer-section { flex: 1; }
.buffer-label { font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--vp-c-text-2); margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
.buffer-bar {
height: 24px; background: var(--vp-c-bg); border-radius: 6px;
border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider); overflow: hidden;
}
.buffer-fill { height: 100%; border-radius: 5px; transition: width 0.5s, background 0.3s; }
.buffer-fill.normal { background: #22c55e; }
.buffer-fill.warning { background: #f59e0b; }
.buffer-fill.critical { background: #ef4444; }
.buffer-status { font-size: 0.8rem; margin-top: 0.25rem; }
.buffer-status.normal { color: #22c55e; }
.buffer-status.warning { color: #f59e0b; }
.buffer-status.critical { color: #ef4444; }
.strat-title { font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.9rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
.strat-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(180px, 1fr)); gap: 0.5rem; }
.strat-card {
padding: 0.75rem; border-radius: 8px; background: var(--vp-c-bg); border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider);
}
.strat-name { font-weight: 700; font-size: 0.85rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
.strat-desc { font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--vp-c-text-2); margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
.strat-example { font-size: 0.75rem; color: var(--vp-c-text-3); }
@media (max-width: 640px) {
.buffer-visual { flex-direction: column; }
.strat-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}
</style>
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
<!--
RateLimitAlgorithmDemo.vue
限流算法演示令牌桶漏桶滑动窗口
-->
<template>
<div class="rate-limit-demo">
<div class="header">
<div class="title">限流算法对比</div>
<div class="subtitle">选择算法点击"发送请求"观察效果</div>
</div>
<div class="algo-tabs">
<button
v-for="a in algorithms"
:key="a.key"
:class="['tab', { active: algo === a.key }]"
@click="algo = a.key; reset()"
>{{ a.label }}</button>
</div>
<div class="sim-area">
<div class="controls">
<button class="send-btn" @click="sendRequest">发送请求</button>
<button class="burst-btn" @click="burstRequests">突发 10 个请求</button>
<button class="reset-btn" @click="reset">重置</button>
</div>
<div class="stats">
<div class="stat">
<span class="stat-label">通过</span>
<span class="stat-value ok">{{ passed }}</span>
</div>
<div class="stat">
<span class="stat-label">拒绝</span>
<span class="stat-value reject">{{ rejected }}</span>
</div>
<div class="stat" v-if="algo === 'token'">
<span class="stat-label">剩余令牌</span>
<span class="stat-value">{{ tokens }}</span>
</div>
<div class="stat" v-if="algo === 'leaky'">
<span class="stat-label">桶中排队</span>
<span class="stat-value">{{ bucketQueue }}</span>
</div>
<div class="stat" v-if="algo === 'sliding'">
<span class="stat-label">窗口内请求</span>
<span class="stat-value">{{ windowCount }}</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="log-area">
<div
v-for="(log, i) in logs.slice(-8)"
:key="i"
:class="['log-item', log.status]"
>
<span class="log-time">{{ log.time }}</span>
<span>{{ log.msg }}</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="algo-info">
<div class="info-name">{{ currentAlgo.label }}</div>
<div class="info-desc">{{ currentAlgo.desc }}</div>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script setup>
import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
const algo = ref('token')
const passed = ref(0)
const rejected = ref(0)
const tokens = ref(5)
const bucketQueue = ref(0)
const windowCount = ref(0)
const logs = ref([])
const algorithms = [
{ key: 'token', label: '令牌桶', desc: '以固定速率往桶里放令牌,每个请求消耗一个令牌。桶满时多余令牌丢弃。允许一定程度的突发流量(桶里有存量令牌时)。' },
{ key: 'leaky', label: '漏桶', desc: '请求先进入桶中排队,以固定速率从桶底"漏出"处理。桶满时新请求被拒绝。输出速率恒定,完全平滑流量。' },
{ key: 'sliding', label: '滑动窗口', desc: '统计最近 N 秒内的请求数,超过阈值则拒绝。比固定窗口更精确,避免窗口边界的突发问题。' }
]
const currentAlgo = computed(() => algorithms.find(a => a.key === algo.value))
// Token bucket: refill 1 token per second, max 5
let tokenTimer = null
function startTokenRefill() {
if (tokenTimer) clearInterval(tokenTimer)
tokenTimer = setInterval(() => {
if (tokens.value < 5) tokens.value++
}, 1000)
}
// Leaky bucket: drain 1 per second, max queue 5
let leakyTimer = null
function startLeakyDrain() {
if (leakyTimer) clearInterval(leakyTimer)
leakyTimer = setInterval(() => {
if (bucketQueue.value > 0) {
bucketQueue.value--
passed.value++
addLog('ok', '漏桶处理了一个排队请求')
}
}, 1000)
}
// Sliding window: max 5 per 3 seconds
const windowRequests = ref([])
function reset() {
passed.value = 0
rejected.value = 0
tokens.value = 5
bucketQueue.value = 0
windowCount.value = 0
logs.value = []
windowRequests.value = []
if (tokenTimer) clearInterval(tokenTimer)
if (leakyTimer) clearInterval(leakyTimer)
if (algo.value === 'token') startTokenRefill()
if (algo.value === 'leaky') startLeakyDrain()
}
function addLog(status, msg) {
const now = new Date()
logs.value.push({ status, msg, time: now.toLocaleTimeString() })
}
function sendRequest() {
if (algo.value === 'token') {
if (tokens.value > 0) {
tokens.value--
passed.value++
addLog('ok', `请求通过(剩余令牌: ${tokens.value}`)
} else {
rejected.value++
addLog('reject', '令牌不足,请求被拒绝 (429)')
}
if (!tokenTimer) startTokenRefill()
} else if (algo.value === 'leaky') {
if (bucketQueue.value < 5) {
bucketQueue.value++
addLog('ok', `请求进入排队(队列: ${bucketQueue.value}/5`)
} else {
rejected.value++
addLog('reject', '桶已满,请求被拒绝 (429)')
}
if (!leakyTimer) startLeakyDrain()
} else {
const now = Date.now()
windowRequests.value = windowRequests.value.filter(t => now - t < 3000)
windowCount.value = windowRequests.value.length
if (windowCount.value < 5) {
windowRequests.value.push(now)
windowCount.value++
passed.value++
addLog('ok', `请求通过(窗口内: ${windowCount.value}/5`)
} else {
rejected.value++
addLog('reject', '窗口内请求数超限 (429)')
}
}
}
function burstRequests() {
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
setTimeout(() => sendRequest(), i * 80)
}
}
reset()
</script>
<style scoped>
.rate-limit-demo {
border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider); background: var(--vp-c-bg-soft);
border-radius: 12px; padding: 1.5rem; margin: 1.5rem 0;
}
.header { margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.title { font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.1rem; }
.subtitle { color: var(--vp-c-text-2); font-size: 0.9rem; }
.algo-tabs { display: flex; gap: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.tab {
padding: 0.4rem 0.8rem; border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider);
background: var(--vp-c-bg); cursor: pointer; font-size: 0.85rem;
}
.tab.active { border-color: var(--vp-c-brand); color: var(--vp-c-brand); }
.controls { display: flex; gap: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 0.75rem; }
.send-btn, .burst-btn, .reset-btn {
padding: 0.4rem 0.8rem; border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider);
background: var(--vp-c-bg); cursor: pointer; font-size: 0.85rem;
}
.send-btn { background: var(--vp-c-brand); color: #fff; border-color: var(--vp-c-brand); }
.burst-btn { background: #f59e0b; color: #fff; border-color: #f59e0b; }
.stats { display: flex; gap: 1rem; margin-bottom: 0.75rem; }
.stat { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.4rem; font-size: 0.85rem; }
.stat-label { color: var(--vp-c-text-3); }
.stat-value { font-weight: 700; font-family: var(--vp-font-family-mono); }
.stat-value.ok { color: #22c55e; }
.stat-value.reject { color: #ef4444; }
.log-area { max-height: 180px; overflow-y: auto; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.25rem; }
.log-item {
padding: 0.3rem 0.5rem; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.8rem;
background: var(--vp-c-bg); border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider);
}
.log-item.ok { border-color: rgba(34,197,94,0.3); }
.log-item.reject { border-color: rgba(239,68,68,0.3); background: rgba(239,68,68,0.03); }
.log-time { color: var(--vp-c-text-3); margin-right: 0.5rem; font-family: var(--vp-font-family-mono); }
.algo-info {
margin-top: 1rem; padding: 0.75rem; border-radius: 8px;
background: rgba(var(--vp-c-brand-rgb), 0.05); border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-brand);
}
.info-name { font-weight: 700; font-size: 0.9rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
.info-desc { font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--vp-c-text-2); line-height: 1.6; }
</style>
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
<!--
RateLimiterDemo.vue
限流算法演示令牌桶 vs 滑动窗口
-->
<template>
<div class="rate-limiter-demo">
<div class="header">
<div class="title">限流算法可视化</div>
<div class="subtitle">选择算法点击发送请求观察限流效果</div>
</div>
<div class="algo-tabs">
<button
v-for="a in algorithms"
:key="a.key"
:class="['tab', { active: algo === a.key }]"
@click="algo = a.key; reset()"
>{{ a.label }}</button>
</div>
<div class="sim-area">
<div class="controls">
<button class="send-btn" @click="sendRequest">发送请求</button>
<button class="burst-btn" @click="sendBurst">模拟突发 (10个)</button>
<button class="reset-btn" @click="reset">重置</button>
</div>
<div class="stats">
<div class="stat">
<span class="stat-label">已发送</span>
<span class="stat-value">{{ totalSent }}</span>
</div>
<div class="stat">
<span class="stat-label">通过</span>
<span class="stat-value pass">{{ passed }}</span>
</div>
<div class="stat">
<span class="stat-label">拒绝</span>
<span class="stat-value reject">{{ rejected }}</span>
</div>
<div class="stat" v-if="algo === 'token'">
<span class="stat-label">剩余令牌</span>
<span class="stat-value">{{ tokens }}</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="request-log">
<div
v-for="(req, i) in recentRequests"
:key="i"
:class="['req-item', req.status]"
>
<span>{{ req.status === 'pass' ? '✅' : '❌' }}</span>
<span>请求 #{{ req.id }}</span>
<span class="req-time">{{ req.time }}</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="algo-info">
<div class="info-name">{{ currentAlgo.label }}</div>
<div class="info-desc">{{ currentAlgo.desc }}</div>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script setup>
import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
const algo = ref('token')
const totalSent = ref(0)
const passed = ref(0)
const rejected = ref(0)
const tokens = ref(5)
const recentRequests = ref([])
const algorithms = [
{ key: 'token', label: '令牌桶', desc: '以固定速率往桶里放令牌,每个请求消耗一个令牌。桶满时多余令牌丢弃。允许一定程度的突发流量(桶里有存量令牌时)。' },
{ key: 'sliding', label: '滑动窗口', desc: '在一个滑动的时间窗口内统计请求数,超过阈值则拒绝。比固定窗口更平滑,避免窗口边界的突发问题。' },
{ key: 'leaky', label: '漏桶', desc: '请求先进入桶中排队,以固定速率流出处理。无论请求多快到达,处理速率恒定。适合需要严格匀速的场景。' }
]
const currentAlgo = computed(() => algorithms.find(a => a.key === algo.value))
// Sliding window state
const windowRequests = ref([])
const WINDOW_SIZE = 3000 // 3s window
const WINDOW_LIMIT = 5
// Token bucket refill
let tokenInterval = null
function startTokenRefill() {
if (tokenInterval) clearInterval(tokenInterval)
tokenInterval = setInterval(() => {
if (tokens.value < 5) tokens.value++
}, 1000)
}
function reset() {
totalSent.value = 0
passed.value = 0
rejected.value = 0
tokens.value = 5
recentRequests.value = []
windowRequests.value = []
if (tokenInterval) clearInterval(tokenInterval)
startTokenRefill()
}
function checkLimit() {
if (algo.value === 'token') {
if (tokens.value > 0) { tokens.value--; return true }
return false
}
if (algo.value === 'sliding') {
const now = Date.now()
windowRequests.value = windowRequests.value.filter(t => now - t < WINDOW_SIZE)
if (windowRequests.value.length < WINDOW_LIMIT) {
windowRequests.value.push(now)
return true
}
return false
}
// leaky bucket: simple counter-based
if (algo.value === 'leaky') {
const now = Date.now()
windowRequests.value = windowRequests.value.filter(t => now - t < 2000)
if (windowRequests.value.length < 3) {
windowRequests.value.push(now)
return true
}
return false
}
return true
}
function sendRequest() {
totalSent.value++
const allowed = checkLimit()
if (allowed) passed.value++
else rejected.value++
const now = new Date()
recentRequests.value.unshift({
id: totalSent.value,
status: allowed ? 'pass' : 'reject',
time: `${now.getHours()}:${String(now.getMinutes()).padStart(2,'0')}:${String(now.getSeconds()).padStart(2,'0')}`
})
if (recentRequests.value.length > 10) recentRequests.value.pop()
}
async function sendBurst() {
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
sendRequest()
await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 100))
}
}
startTokenRefill()
</script>
<style scoped>
.rate-limiter-demo {
border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider); background: var(--vp-c-bg-soft);
border-radius: 12px; padding: 1.5rem; margin: 1.5rem 0;
}
.header { margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.title { font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.1rem; }
.subtitle { color: var(--vp-c-text-2); font-size: 0.9rem; }
.algo-tabs { display: flex; gap: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.tab {
padding: 0.4rem 0.8rem; border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider);
background: var(--vp-c-bg); cursor: pointer; font-size: 0.85rem;
}
.tab.active { border-color: var(--vp-c-brand); color: var(--vp-c-brand); }
.controls { display: flex; gap: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.send-btn, .burst-btn, .reset-btn {
padding: 0.4rem 0.8rem; border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider);
background: var(--vp-c-bg); cursor: pointer; font-size: 0.85rem;
}
.send-btn { background: var(--vp-c-brand); color: #fff; border-color: var(--vp-c-brand); }
.burst-btn { background: #f59e0b; color: #fff; border-color: #f59e0b; }
.stats { display: flex; gap: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.stat { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; }
.stat-label { font-size: 0.75rem; color: var(--vp-c-text-3); }
.stat-value { font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.2rem; font-family: var(--vp-font-family-mono); }
.stat-value.pass { color: #22c55e; }
.stat-value.reject { color: #ef4444; }
.request-log { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.25rem; max-height: 200px; overflow-y: auto; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.req-item {
display: flex; gap: 0.5rem; padding: 0.3rem 0.5rem; border-radius: 4px;
font-size: 0.8rem; background: var(--vp-c-bg); border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-divider);
}
.req-item.reject { border-color: rgba(239,68,68,0.3); background: rgba(239,68,68,0.03); }
.req-item.pass { border-color: rgba(34,197,94,0.3); background: rgba(34,197,94,0.03); }
.req-time { margin-left: auto; color: var(--vp-c-text-3); font-family: var(--vp-font-family-mono); }
.algo-info {
padding: 0.75rem; border-radius: 8px;
background: rgba(var(--vp-c-brand-rgb), 0.05); border: 1px solid var(--vp-c-brand);
}
.info-name { font-weight: 700; font-size: 0.9rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
.info-desc { font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--vp-c-text-2); line-height: 1.6; }
</style>